Acute Pain related to Angina Pectoris

Nursing Care Plan for Angina Pectoris

Angina Pectoris is described as severe chest pain that results from insufficient blood flow to the heart. The main cause is a coronary artery disease called atherosclerosis, or a clogging of the arteries.

Signs and symptoms of this heart related condition may include tightness or pressure in the chest that may radiate to the left shoulder and arm, or possibly the neck and jaw. Other symptoms may include difficulty breathing, anxiety, sweating, or pale skin.

During an attack of angina pectoris, a person should rest and take nitroglycerin under the tongue. This may be enough to eliminate the symptoms. Depending on possible underlying conditions, other treatment such as balloon angioplasty or other surgeries may be recommended, or certain medications (beta-blockers, daily aspirin) may be needed. In most cases, a patient can benefit from a healthy diet and exercise, which should be prescribed by their doctor.


Nursing Diagnosis : Acute Pain related to Myocardial Ischemia

Goal: reduced pain / resolved
Outcomes:
  • Stated / said no pain,
  • Reported angina episodes decreased in frequency, duration and severity.
Nursing Interventions :

1. Instruct the patient to notify nurse quickly in the event of chest pain.
R:/ pain and decreased cardiac output can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to release large amounts of nor epinephrine, which increases platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 issued. Pain can not be detained cause vasovagal response, reducing BP and heart rate.

2. Identification of the precipitating factors, if any: frequency, duration, intensity and location of pain.
R: / Help distinguish early chest pain (stable angina usually ends 3 to 5 minutes while unstable angina longer and can last more than 45 minutes).

3. Evaluation report pain in the jaw, neck, shoulder, hand or arm (especially on the left side).
R:/ Cardiac pain may spread to the sample surface pain more often innervated by the same spinal level.

4. Instruct the patient to bed rest during episodes of angina.
R:/ Reduce myocardial oxygen demand in order to minimize the risk of tissue injury or necrosis.

5. Elevate the head of the bed when the patient is short of breath.
R:/ Facilitate the exchange of gases to reduce repetitive hypoxia and shortness of breath.
Monitor the speed or rhythm of the heart.

6. Monitor the speed or rhythm of the heart.
R:/ Patients with unstable angina have increased dysrhythmias, acute life-threatening, which occurs in response to ischemia and or stress.

7. Panatau vital signs every 5 minutes during an attack of angina.
R:/ BP can rise early with respect to sympathetic stimulation , then dropped when the cardiac output is affected.

8 . Maintain a calm, comfortable environment, limit the visitor when necessary.
R:/ mental or emotional stress increase myocardial work.

9. Give soft foods. Let the patient rest for 1 hour after eating.
R :/ Lowering myocardial work in connection with the work of digestion, lowers the risk of angina attacks

Constipation related to Pregnancy (Hyperemesis Gravidarum)

Hyperemesis gravidarum is vomiting occur until 20 weeks gestation, so great, where all that is eaten and drunk vomited thereby affecting the general condition and daily work, weight loss, dehydration, there is acetone in the urine.

Nausea and vomiting are the most common disorders in the first trimester of pregnancy or approximately 6 weeks after the last menstrual period for 10 weeks. Approximately 60% -80% primigravida and 40% -60% multigravida experience nausea and vomiting. However, these symptoms become more severe in only 1 in 1000 pregnancies. Hyperemesis gravidarum began to occur in the fourth to the tenth week of pregnancy and then will be improved in general at the age of 20 weeks, but in some cases can be continued through the next stage pregnant. Gadsby, et.al (1993) reported that almost 10% of clients found the symptoms persist hyperemesis gravidarum during pregnancy.

Constipation is a digestive condition where you can bowel movement fewer than three times a week. Constipation is a common problem experienced by pregnant and postpartum women. High pregnancy hormones make muscles in the bowel movements slowed. in addition, a growing fetus will push the large intestine that interfere with their normal activities. Postpartum, constipation caused by episiotomy (cutting and suturing the vaginal lips back), or at cesarean delivery, which temporarily paralyzed colon because of the anesthesia. Have a variety of symptoms such as constipation hard bowel movements, bloating, or form a hard dirt and small. so you should already feel the urge to defecate, get to the bathroom because it would hold a bowel movement make constipation worse.


Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Constipation

Goal: constipation resolved

Expected outcomes:
  • Perform regular defecation.
  • Mushy stool consistency.
Intervention:
  1. Teach the importance of a balanced diet.
  2. Review the list of foods that contain lots of fresh fruits in shell, husk, beans, breads and cereals, fruits and cooked vegetables, fruit juices, including nearly 800 grams of fruits and vegetables every day for normal defecation.
  3. Gradually increase fiber foods.
  4. Encourage fluid intake 2 liters (8-10 glasses) unless there are contraindications.
  5. Encourage drinking a glass of warm water 30 minutes before breakfast.
  6. Teach how to memasase lightly on the lower abdomen while on the toilet.

Rational:
  1. The balance of dietary intake to minimize the incidence of constipation eat.
  2. Consuming foods that contain lots of fiber will prevent the client from constipation.
  3. Maintaining a balance of fiber in the body of the patient to meet the needs of fiber body.
  4. Consuming enough fluids to maintain adequate metabolic status.
  5. Drinking warm water can induce intestinal stimulation for defecation.
  6. Doing abdominal massage can stimulate the intestinal peristaltic causing defecation desire.
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Pain

Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Pain

Nursing Diagnosis for Pain

1. Acute Pain
related to physical injury, reduction of blood supply, process of giving birth

2. Chronic Pain
related to the malignancy

3. Anxiety
related to pain that is felt

4. Ineffective individual coping
related to chronic pain

5. Impaired physical mobility
related to musculoskeletal pain

6. Risk for injury
related to lack of perception of pain


Nursing Interventions for Pain

Nurses develop a plan of nursing diagnoses that have been made. Nurses and clients together to discuss realistic expectations of action to overcome the pain, the degree of recovery of the expected pain, and the effects that must be anticipated in the client's lifestyle and function. Expected outcomes and goals of nursing and nursing diagnoses were selected based on the client's condition. The general objective of nursing care with pain are as follows:
  • Clients feel healthy and comfortable
  • Clients retain the ability to perform self-care
  • Clients maintain physical function and psychological currently owned
  • Client describes the factors that cause pain
  • Clients use the therapy given safely at home
Source : http://nursing-care-plan.blogspot.com/2011/11/nursing-care-plan-for-pain-assessment.html
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