Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).
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Pain is a highly subjective state in which a variety of unpleasant sensations and a wide range of distressing factors may be experienced by the sufferer. Pain may be a symptom of injury or illness. Pain may also arise from emotional, psychological, cultural, or spiritual distress. Pain can be very difficult to explain, because it is unique to the individual; pain should be accepted as described by the sufferer. Pain assessment can be challenging, especially in elderly patients, where cognitive impairment and sensory-perceptual deficits are more common.
NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification)
Suggested NOC Labels
- Comfort Level
- Medication Response
- Pain Control
Suggested NIC Labels
- Analgesic Administration
- Conscious Sedation
- Pain Management
- Patient-Controlled Analgesia Assistance
- Patient verbalizes adequate relief of pain or ability to cope with incompletely relieved pain.
- Observation of the characteristics, location, time, and the course of chest pain.
- Instruct the client to stop activity and rest during an attack.
- Help the client to do relaxation techniques, eg deep breathing, distraction behavior, visualization, or imagination guidance.
- Maintain oxygenation with bicanul example (2-4 lt / min)
- Monitor vital signs (pulse and blood pressure) every two hours.
- Collaboration with the health team in providing analgesic.